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Trophic factor classes Adhesion molecules Bone morphogenetic proteins Cytokines Eph receptor tyrosine kinase Epidermal growth factors Fibroblast growth factors GDNF Heparin-binding growth factors Insulin-like growth factors Neurotrophins Other Semaphorins Transforming growth factors β Tyrosine kinase receptor ligands |
Related disease syndromes BDNF c-kit CNTF c-ret FGF receptors: 1, 2, 3 GDNF Hedgehog Desert Sonic IGFs: 1; 2 Neuregulin (ARIA) Neurotrophin-3 Neurotrophin-4 NGF receptor: p75R PDGF receptor β TGF: α; β-1 β-Receptors trkA trkB |
Neurotrophins | ||
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Binding of neurotrophins to receptors
| ||
Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
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trkA
![]() Low affinity NGFR ![]() |
Sensory Pain Sympathetic |
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
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trkB
![]() Low affinity NGFR ![]() |
Sensory & Motor |
Neurotrophin-3 ![]() |
trkC
![]() Low affinity NGFR ![]() |
Sensory (large) & Motor (γ) |
Neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5)
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trkB | Sympathetic, Sensory & Motor |
Neurotrophin-6 (NT-6): α
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External links: Murray-Rust; Developmental Biology |
Cytokines 4 | |||
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General features
| |||
Trophic factor | Receptors | PNS or muscle targets | Other |
Neuropoietic cytokine common receptor subunits: gp 130 (CD130) ![]() ![]() |
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Ciliary neurotrophic factor ![]() ![]() |
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Autonomic; Sensory; Motor; Muscle |
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Cytokine receptor-like factor 1![]() |
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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) ![]() ![]() |
LIFR
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Sympathetic; Sensory; Motor |
LIFRβ Knockout: Loss of preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
Cardiotrophin-1 (CTF1)
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CT1R | Motor; Muscle Sympathetic neuroblast |
CTF1 Knockout: Loss of preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
Oncostatin-M
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OM1Rα/gp130 ? OM1Rβ ![]() |
Sympathetic neuroblast | |
Common receptor subunits: gp130/gp130
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Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
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IL-6 receptor α
(CD126) ![]() |
Nerve differentiation; Sympathetic; ? Muscle |
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Interleukin-11 (IL-11)
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IL-11 receptor α
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Sympathetic neuroblast | |
Common receptor subunit: γC
(CD132)
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Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
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IL-2 receptor α
(CD25) ![]() IL-2 receptor β ![]() |
Sympathetic neuroblast | ↑ TH1 & NK cells Proinflammatory |
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
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IL-4 receptor α
(CD124) ![]() IL-13 receptor α ![]() |
Sympathetic neuroblast | Promotes TH2 Activates B-cells Regulatory |
Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
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IL-7 receptor α
(CD127) ![]() |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | |
Interleukin-9 (IL-9)
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IL-9 receptor α
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CNS Neuron differentiation |
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Interleukin-15 (IL-15)
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IL-15 receptor α
![]() IL-2 receptor β |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | |
Common receptor subunit:
βC
(CDw131)
![]() | |||
Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
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IL-3 receptor α (CD123) ![]() |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | |
Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
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IL-5 receptor α (CDw125) ![]() |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | |
GM-CSF
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GM-CSF receptor α (CD116) ![]() |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | |
Other receptor subunits | |||
G-CSF
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G-CSF receptor
![]() (Dimer) (CD114) |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | |
Leptin
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OB-Rb dimer
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Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
α
![]() Interleukin 1 (IL-1) β ![]() |
IL1 Receptor 1
![]() IL1 Receptor 2 ![]() |
. | ↑ Macrophages & T-cells Proinflammatory |
Interleukin 10 (IL-10)
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IL10 Receptor
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. | Promotes TH2 ↓ IL-12 Regulatory |
Interleukin 12 (IL-12)
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IL12 Receptor β1
![]() IL12 Receptor β2 ![]() |
CNS: Neuron progenitor | ↑ TH1 & NK cells Proinflammatory |
Interleukin 13 (IL-13)
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IL13 Receptor α
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Hemopoietin receptors
|
Insulin-like growth factors | ||
---|---|---|
Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Insulin-like growth factor 1 ![]() |
Type 1 IGF receptor ![]() Insulin receptor ![]() |
Sympathetic, Sensory & Motor Muscle |
Insulin-like growth factor 2 ![]() |
IGFR-1 > IR![]() |
Sympathetic, Sensory & Motor Muscle |
Transforming growth factors β (TGF-β) | ||
---|---|---|
Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
GDNF family | ||
Artemin
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c-ret (signaling)
![]() GFR-α3 ![]() |
Superior cervical ganglion Peripheral nerve Dopamine neurons |
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ![]() |
c-ret (signaling)
![]() GDNF Family Receptor α1 (GRFRα1) ![]() |
Autonomic, Enteric, Sensory & Motor |
Neurturin
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c-ret (signaling)
![]() GFR-α2 ![]() |
Sympathetic; Sensory Motor |
Persephin
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c-ret (signaling)
![]() GFR-α4 |
Motor; Dopaminergic |
TGFβ family | ||
Bone morphogenetic proteins | . | . |
Sonic Hedgehog
![]() ![]() |
Patched
![]() ![]() ![]() Smoothened ![]() ![]() |
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Myostatin (GDF 8)
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Activin type II receptor B
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Muscle: Growth inhibition |
Transforming growth factors β![]() ![]() ![]() |
TGF-β receptors type ![]() ![]() ![]() (Serine-threonine receptors) |
Sensory & Motor Muscle: Biglycan |
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) | ||
---|---|---|
Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic) ![]() |
FGF receptors 1 ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Autonomic, Sensory & Motor |
FGF 2 (basic)
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FGF receptors 1 - 3 | Autonomic, Sensory & Motor |
FGF 5
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FGF receptors 1 & 2 | Motor |
Epidermal growth factors | ||
---|---|---|
Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Amphiregulin
![]() |
Epidermal growth factor ![]() |
Schwann cells |
Neuregulin (ARIA)
![]() ![]() |
NEU/ERBB2 & 3 receptor tyrosine kinase ![]() |
Muscle AChRs increase Peripheral nerve |
Transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) ![]() |
Epidermal growth factor ![]() |
Sensory |
Neuregulin 2
![]() |
EGF receptors 1
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
|
Neuregulin 3
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ERBB4 receptor tyrosine kinase
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Brain; Ganglia |
Netrins 7 | ||
---|---|---|
Trophic factor | Receptors | PNS or muscle targets |
Netrin 1
![]() ![]() |
UNC5A
![]() UNC5B ![]() UNC5C ![]() UNC5D ![]() DSCAM ![]() Neogenin ![]() DCC ![]() | Chemo-repellant Axonal growth cones Oligodendrocyte differentiation |
Netrin 3 (Netrin 2-like)
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Chemo-repellant | |
Netrin 4
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Netrin G1
![]() | LRRC4C (NGL-1)
![]() | Axon guidance |
Netrin G2
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LRRC4 (NGL-2)
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Axon growth |
Heparin-Binding Growth Factors | ||
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Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Pleiotrophin (NEGF1)
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Syndecan-1
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Muscle (NMJ) |
Midkine (NEGF2)
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Syndecan-1
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Muscle Neurite outgrowth |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) * ![]() |
VEGFR1/Flt-1
![]() ![]() Heparan sulfate & Heparin Neuropilin-1 ![]() |
Vascular endothelium Blood-Brain barrier |
Tyrosine kinase receptor ligands | ||
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Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Stem cell ![]() |
c-kit
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Sensory Neural crest |
Agrin
![]() ![]() |
Receptor tyrosine kinase ![]() |
Muscle AChRs localize |
FLT3L
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flt3 (CD135)
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Macrophage colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) ![]() |
c-fms
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|
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) Isoforms ![]() ![]() |
PDGF ![]() ![]() |
Motor |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) * ![]() ![]() |
VEGFR1/Flt-1
![]() ![]() Heparan sulfate & Heparin Neuropilin-1 ![]() |
Vascular endothelium Blood-Brain barrier |
Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) ![]() |
Heparin Neuropilin-1 ![]() |
Heart Muscle |
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) ![]() |
Flt-4
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Muscle |
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) ![]() |
VEGFR2/Kdr
![]() VEGFR3/Flt-4 ![]() |
Muscle |
Other | ||
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Trophic factor | Receptor | PNS or muscle targets |
Saposin C
![]() |
G-protein mediated | Peripheral nerve regeneration Myelination |
Semaphorins | Axonal growth cones |
BMP binding proteins | |||
---|---|---|---|
BMP ligand | Type-I receptor | Type-II receptor | Other |
Dpp | Thick veins
![]() Saxophone ![]() DAFI ![]() |
Punt
![]() DAF4 ![]() |
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BMP2 BMP4 | BMPRIA BMPRIB |
BMPRII
![]() | Noggin
![]() Chordin ![]() |
BMP7 | BMPRIB ActRI |
BMPRII ActRII ![]() ActRIIB | Follistatin
![]() |
GDF5
![]() | BMPRIB | BMPRII ActRII | |
Activin
![]() | Follistatin
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