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Proximal Arm: Weakness & Dysfunction

• Myopathy
  • Fascioscapulohumeral Dystrophy
  • Scapuloperoneal syndromes
  • Absent muscles
  • Immune myopathies: BCIM
  • Myosin loss myopathy
  • Neutral lipid storage: PNPLA2
  • Scapular winging
• Neuromuscular junction: Myasthenia Gravis
• Neuropathic
  • Axillary nerve
  • Quadrilateral space syndrome
  • Brachial Plexopathy
  • Motor Neuron Disease: Proximal LMN syndrome
  • Also see: Neuropathy with Upper extremity onset
    
• Joint & connective tissue disorders
  • Rotator cuff tendonitis
  • Bicipital tendonitis
  • Shoulder capsulitis (Frozen shoulder)
  • Throwing disorders
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica

Weakness: Elbow Flexor > Elbow Extensor

• Nerve
  • ALS
  • Multifocal Motor Neuropathy
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Brachial plexus: Upper
  • C6 radiculopathy
• Muscle
  • Acid maltase deficiency
  • FSH dystrophy
  • LGMD 2B
  • LGMD 2L
  • Ruptured biceps tendon

Shoulder Disorders: Diagnostic features ¹

• Rotator cuff tendonitis
  • Anatomy
    • Tendon covering top, front & back of humeral head
    • Formed by tendons from: Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor
  • Pain location: Deltoid region
  • Evoked pain: On resisted active movement
    • Abduction: Supraspinatus
    • External rotation: Infraspinatus & Teres minor
    • Internal rotation: Subscapularis
  • External link
• Bicipital tendonitis
  • 4th most common injury among professional baseball players
  • Long head tendon
  • Pain location: Anterior shoulder
  • Evoked pain: Resisted active flexion or supination of forearm
• Shoulder adhesive capsulitis (Frozen shoulder)
  • Pain location: Deltoid region
  • Movement restriction
    • Glenohumeral
    • Capsular pattern: External rotation > Abduction > Internal rotation
      • Antero-superior capsule: External rotation w/ arm adducted
      • Antero-inferior capsule: External rotation w/ arm abducted
      • Posterior capsule: Internal rotation
      • External link
  • Rule out: Posterior dislocation
  • External link
• Throwing disorders
  • Joint instability
  • Superior glenoid labrum
  • Little league shoulder: Epiphysiolysis of the proximal humerus
  • External link
• Shoulder disorders: External link